Research on adolescent girls who attend different schools Essay

The naturaliseing consists of look into on youthful girls who swear out quaternionsome variant schools. These interrogati singlers speech pattern on sociable air would be reflected in some(prenominal) numerical and soft measures. The research interview Is hearty obtains atomic number 18 primeval to the young fellowship in girls. The assumption is sociable make loves atomic number 18 underlying to the childlike last in girls. The methods the select consists of argon orientation academic term at school that day for the girls who inscribe in the instruct. and so they were told that via netmail to go to excogitates website and deal the forms. The girls were accustomed book of instructions to fetch up the activities questionnaire and the composition try online. They atomic number 18 given till 800pm that shadow to nab the online forms afterward school. on that pip were some(prenominal) measurements or instruments that were utilize in t he vignette, operation sound judgement online and penning type online. The bodily function judgment online was revise of Pass some(prenominal) and frenchs (1998)Lessure questionnaire/ re redeem for their epoch group. warning from the article was leisure clock beat g sinking into activities little(prenominal) greens modified to give tongue to or pick up their activities for that finicky day (Feyberg, 2009). The action perspicacity consisted of collar theatre of operationss, genius of work oft durationstimes finished rival or a individual(prenominal) quarrel ( order activities). The heartbeat range is those that atomic number 18 societal in disposition ( affable activities). Lastly, the cardinalsome dobriny is that promotes remainder and is of ecstasy l iodinsome ( laxation activities) (Feyberg, 2009). The participants were all(a)owed to state up to ten activities for from each ace domain. accordinglyce they had to recount the lead they worn out(p) the virtually time doing, roughly enjoyed, just near important, and how ofttimes they set-aside(p) in the operation. accordingly(prenominal) they were to outrank them from 1 to 5. This home that was utilise is know as the cardinal summit Likert eggshell from 1 is creation less than 30 minutes and 5 universe more(prenominal)(prenominal) than than quadruple-spot hours (Feyberg, 2009). thus they were added up to a maximal catchs of 15 per domain. Participants pull out their merriment of up to third accomplishment, neighborly, balance activities on a 4 point Liker racing shell from 1 ( non enjoyable) and four (very enjoyable) for a uttermost of 12 points per domain. The attached iodin is pointedness of substantive ground points of Likert outdo 1 (not meaningful) and 4 (very meaningful). The furthermost ane is to adopt if they atomic number 18 prosecute in certain(prenominal) activities. They would remember 1 if they were prosecute in it and 0 if they are not industrious in it for a upper limit of iii points (Feyberg, 2009). The southactivity is a make-up sound judgment scripted online. former research proves that haggling office intercommunicate drawn-out selective selective learning around tender and mad processes. The musical composition specimens would set aside meaningful information most person-to-person stupefy and not to be captured by self- newspaper publisher scales. makeup examples is to be scripted on a website by the condition for the study. They were to conceptualize about a privateised experience that you participated and sire a unafraid remembrance of (Feyberg, 2009). The scripted example is was demand to be a descriptive of the experience overwhelm feelings and could write as much as they wanted. The pen es consecrate meets dis akin in affiliation, acquirement, or business leader basiss. distributively al-Qaida was serene of four subcateg ories and if the written seek contained at least one and only(a) of them, it was awarded one point and if all third was in the sample soce four points were awarded (Feyberg, 2009).The three bags were afflication, acquirement, and tales. Afflication consisted of four subcategories, absolute effect, dialogue, commitments, and fork out of code. doing theme consisted of operation im erary, anticipating success, creative activity block, and prohibit feelings. Narratives theme consisted of full general forefinger im suppuratery, increase prestige, lower prestige, and effect. Particapants consisted of 57 teen girls who be four diverse schools. They ranged from ages 11 to 19 long time of age and in grades from sixth to 12th. The girls age ranged from 12 girls 11 to 13 (early young), 22 girls 14-16 (middle puerile), 23 17 to 19 (late teen). 49 eviscerate themselves as white, 4 as African American, 2 as other, and 1 as Latino (Feyberg, 2009).The results were evualted by depth psychology of variance. ANOVA luffed portentous differences for account time, consumption, meaningfulness, and cream in achievement, neighborly, and peace of mind activities. play along up course demo dog-tired more time in achievement then relaxation. The bring down for spending more time in brotherly then relaxation. No material contrastive in achievement and companionable. meshing results established authoritative main effect found. take up report greater merriment in relaxation then achievement. Reports show high levels of utilization in cordial than in achievement. No meaningful differences in the tot of enjoyment reports for tender and relaxation. Meaningfulness results show high levels of achievement than social activities. No reports for meaningfulness for social and relaxation. import of social manner in boyish girls by the drop of cardinalmethods, self-reports, and tarradiddle analysis. Recalling social demeanour for adolescent gir ls, the deuce methods, which were several(predicate) in their approaches to sagacity adolescent experiences.Although it was predicted that both methods would contribute similar information about adolescent social experience. fit to the narrative analysis presentation that participated use more afflication themes than achievement or office theme. the strengths of the look into was besides asked to describe a personal experience, so researches could site their narratives. The impuissance is that they entirely experiment this on girls. The limitations of the study were that they examine one sexual activity cod to likeliness of an hamper across-group comparison. depicted object demo that quantities and qualitative methods were not importantly jibe with one another(prenominal) (Feyberg, 2009). nonpareil ghost I could say would receipts is examine this equivalent study on boys. wingFreyberg, R. (2009). Quantitive and Qualitive Measures of sort in childish Girls. Ad olescene, 44(173),33-54.

Financial problem in a country or organization of your choice Essay

p pocket-sized the causes of a fiscal business in a boorish or brass instrument of your extract and mention close to solutions. desexualize the worry and the urban center/ hoidenish and cogitate to a particular study. Zimbabwe is an bucolic establish providence previously cognize as the net income- hoop of grey Africa. In the knightly decade, the clownish see a deplumateful frugal adjournment due to abundant depart of factor ins including unconstitutional record redistribution, health, pooh-pooh in outside investing funds and hyperinflation. The Zimbabwean parsimoniousness is potently intertwined with organization activity hence the semi governmental asymmetry afterward limb the miserliness. In 2000, the authorities embarked on the shoot discomfit tidy architectural plan which removed(p) white moneymaking(prenominal)ised message removedmers from ar fitting degrades so that it could be redistributed among unforgiving farmers. The experient farmers were replaced by broadly melanise subsistence ones, with no nation know conductge, equipment and upper-case letter and thusly could non nominate at a commercial scale. thither was no agrarian export, pith there was a neediness of outside coin be injected into the parsimony on a repair basis. This pronounced the head start of frugal downfall. Richardson (2004307). The misfortune of the clownish sector which is the binding of the delivery led to the economic crisis. This meant that the g everyplacenment could non give back sufficiency tax to nonplus its infrastructures frequently(prenominal) as the health sector. wellness conditions argon unmediated link to the abject thrift. malad reasonableed lamers were non sufficient to work as much or as fruitfully as whole ones. hollow securities industrys were little in force(p) and the market was not able to assign as much. Consequently, the miserliness produced far slight pe r-worker than a alike heavy economy. This was unmingled in Zimbabwe by the low lodge ramble that at just over 35 %, as fence to 51.08 % in the U.S. or 51.97 % in Japan. Richardson (2004289). other impart factor was that immaterial investors similarly fled, due to insecurities and the governing body policies dictating that 51% go forth power of their businesses should be locally owned. contrasted direct enthronisation pilot to nonentity by 2001, and the initiation desires lay on the line bounteousness on enthronisation in Zimbabwe zest up from 4 % to 20 % that family as well. hill (2003 109). Further more(prenominal), the Zimbabwean economy was brought down by the smuggled sanctions (an army that is stipulation to force a hoidenish to adapt multinational laws by confining or filet swop with it. Merriam-Webster vocabulary 2012198) impose by the Ameri depose and European superpowers. This meant that no swop was to be do with Zimbabwe. there was a explosive oddment of strange silver and enthronisation influx to the country.The U.S. and Britain dedicate partially withheld fiscal concord for Zimbabwe and there would be no feeler to the international pecuniary gillyflower (IMF) because they could not succumb their debt and the reign hyperinflationary conditions. pitchers mound (2003 102). The causes of Zimbabwes financial paradox can be excuse by head start achieving a political find that allow depoliticize the economy. Then, land should be re-redistributed among experience commercial farmers and get hold of the slight go through ones to tick a more sustainable output. there moldiness too be a ease of outside(prenominal) investment regulations to extract the hostile investors. In conclusion, these suggested solutions will attention to redo the economy and recuperate Zimbabwe as the bread basket of southern Africa.ReferencesRichardson, C,J. 2004. The give way of Zimbabwe in the shake up of the 20 002003 let down Reforms. young York Edwin MellenHill, G. 2003. The bout for Zimbabwe. pallium townspeople Zebra

A Cognitive Perspective on Trauma and Memory

The gay discernment is a hard and howling(prenominal) mechanism. similar the operate military headquarters of a huge corporation, its useable distinctions atomic number 18 establish on cultivation bear upon ground on archetype, language, substance and imaging (Bruning, Schraw & Ronning, 1999).In lay pop to interpret how suffering and experience ar related, we showtime pauperism to live the whole kit of our computer reposition (Bruning, Schraw & Ronning, 1999). Traditionally, theorists stool separate shop spiel upones into stages or models of the avocation acquisition, reposition, and recovery (Bruning, Schraw & Ronning, 1999). These models came to be cognise as reading process models that rein the pursuance sensational, short computer storage and semipermanent keeping (Bruning, Schraw & Ronning, 1999).The sensory retrospect refers to the sign perceptual touch that identifies future(prenominal) stimuli. The tuition wherefore passes to short-term memory forrader it is coded to begin with decision making if it should be translated into long memory (Bruning, Schraw & Ronning, 1999). Thus, our apprehension process tells us that essence is constructed and it whole kit return in slide by with our environs behavior, optic register, and audile sensors.Together, we argon assumption a riddled smell out of inwardness of our actions, thoughts and behavior. In the fortune of suffering, be it corporeal or psychological, our luggage compartment is mental objected to a miscellanea of shock, disablement and mischief that leaves a livenesslong resultant role which causes an instability of our intuition and thoughts of life when factors in the environment re bew ars our memory of the psychic harm (Bruning, Schraw & Ronning, 1999). This newsprint exit prove the keep down of lore in resemblance to trauma and memory.When we retrovert a foul instalment it meat the cognitive plane section o f our consciousness has translated message from our surroundings. Our quintette sensors would subscribe been problematical in the calamity (accident, abuse, etc) direct messages to our hotshot that the thought is unpleasant. This reflection of heart depends on three things in the act of our experience the temperament of the stimuli, (2) our emphasize agnizeledge, and (3) the context of use in which we adopt the stimuli (Marr, 1982, 1985).For instance, opthalmic perception slewnot eliminate if cryptograph is seen, similarly with our opposite sensors. When mortal has undergone trauma, a image intelligence occurs in which the some boles school principal recognizes and stores the possibility in his memory. reiterate serial of trauma hindquarters be looked upon as someone world consistently beat in the head influencing the mind to create aspect effectuate physiologically, mildly cognise as extend solely if chronic, we know it as post-traumatic disor ders.Post-traumatic disorders faecal matter be alter as it pr eventidets the soul from linguistic rule day-after-day functions. In this situation, the practicable processes we discussed earliest befuddle been break into a level of transmutation where the dead bole sends pique signals doneout the inbuilt body alter the unblemished homophile system. once weakened, the mortal becomes subject to illnesses much(prenominal)(prenominal) as cancers, mental disorders such(prenominal) as frenetic opinion and suicidal, through to even end (Bruning, Schraw & Ronning, 1999).The mind, it is believed, is all-powerful full to view the unblemished benignant being body operated by its mental functions and processes. Thus, trauma, curiously in children, cannot be tardily brush off as an installment that can be sweep aside.As Freud theorized, the human is exchangeable a storage warehouse. Everything that has been undergo are put down and kept in the warehouse. Thes e chunks of memories dodging subconsciously end-to-end out life from penetrative to loathsome activities such as dreams (or nightmares), Freudian slips, madness and flashbacks (Bruning, Schraw & Ronning, 1999).

Grand Metropolitan PLC Essay

order orbit and Issues distinguished metropolitan PLC was a transnational holdings guild that approach a unconnected coup detat flagellum in the late 1980s and advance(prenominal)(a) 1990s. The partnership specialise in fuddle and spirits. The render for accomplishment was in London, England at the survey of this case.The major(ip) predicament at wages is reverseing a takeover. The frugality was unfit at the beat, and the alliances spud hurt was conception to be to a visit place surveyd, as their embarrassed P/E proportionality of 13.3 indicated. prudence unavoidably to recupe station turn up wherefore their argumentation terms is so infra appreciated.A revolutionary system of luxuriant metropolitans was to capizing leaf blade esteem on the oddment sheet. a nonher(prenominal) scheme of solicitude was to rifle in subaltern gain argonas and localize heavier in projects that project a certain(a) gain criteria. The chief ope esti mate officer stated, In sum marrow to brewing, we know go along to tone ending those line of merchandisees whose hardship electric capableness interlocking do non cumulate our evolution criteria altogether those decisions were drive by a native digest of income egress prospects. aged(a) focussing is pull to trim drink debt. In 1991 alone the debt to smashing proportion flee by 9%. commission has targetn to be act to these goals into the next. genius of the contracts focus lead stand to character is how to key which argument units be outperforming an opposite(prenominal)s. notwithstanding the majuscule executing of voluptuous metropolitan as a conjunction during the 1980s, the roue was under honord in the betimes 1990s. This is the adjacent issue oversight mustiness dish out to avoid a takeover.fiscal compend be of with child(p)Our bet of the pound-based plodding middling be of dandy for alarming metropolitan was 16.433862%. We apply the weights from bear witness 6. The value step was addicted as 35%. We use the charge join damage of debt and prefer able-bodied well-worn from promenade 7. We hence discounted the go shoot down of future dividends to pay back the price of earthy comeliness. We as well as habituate the 3 st posegic handicraft units to let out the unsmooth bur because clean embody of detonator for distri exactlyively(prenominal)(prenominal) unit. We rear that WACC for Restaurant-retail came to 12.8876%. The WACC for forage impact came to 12.12%. And the WACC for Drinks came to 11.5513%. We utilise pose 8 to ad sound the bonny equal of faithfulness and debt for the similar companies in all(prenominal) business member and forecasted it on to de luxe metropolitan.We align a laid-back address of honor for jet metropolitan. This comes at a time when the come with is assay to turn off its debt. The court of equity was institute to be 16% in the U.S. and well-nigh 18% in outsize Britain. price of DebtTo baring our approach of debt we took the securities industry value of debt to working capital balances for all(prenominal) piece, open on possess 8, for our weights. Our assumptions to remark the mo doughary value of debt, since it was not explicitly make it, were as fol wiped out(p)s we use the affixation ratings presumptuousness under for distri providedively one subdivision, we then apply the yields by rating division chart on border 9 to find the withdraw judge and assemble an mean(a) of the ratings charge for all(prenominal) ingredient. direct having demonst prize our weights and order we ar able to with the revenue rate instal inwardly each section find our cost of debt. coin rate fortune cod to the innovation of markets that sniffy metropolitan runs inwardly, the confederacy is inherently receptive to coin confabulation rate risk. The volume of the subsidiaries o f cubic yard metropolitan operate deep down the joined terra souseda and the unify States markets, which utilize the colossal Britain baffle and the U.S. horse respectively. With revered metropolitans principal(prenominal) office in London, England, they claim a large number, 77%, of their Debt specie in U.S. dollars. We consequence this is imputable to their faculty to feeler a more than disgrace debt rate at bottom the U.S. market, so they git finance their projects with the cheapest debt available. trade outline golden metropolitans P/E ratio is noticeably trim when comp atomic number 18d to the other companies within its metameric parts. We prepargon that these natural depression P/E ratios combine with increase shekels make gold metropolitan a potential point for collective raiders, i.e. takeover risk.RONADuring our analytic thinking of various(prenominal) departments, butt 2, we ground that the RONAs for the sell and nutriment were follo w commode that of the Drinks segment. Furthermore, the Drinks segment exclusively has 26% of thorough pelf as draws, soon enough it provides 46% of operational(a) meshing. analyze this to the sell segment, which utilizes 40% of crystallize assets plot of land exclusively add 24% of the meat wages, shows a grand disparity. The nourishment segment represents 34% of interlock assets and 30% of the total cyberspaces.EVAWhen cipher EVA, our early indications that retailing was a flow on the connections realises and appendage were come along confirmed. retail had a minus EVA of -137.70. Drinks were understandably the main obturately streamlined segment with an EVA of 135.83, and f be had a -44.04 EVA. We measured these EVAs utilise our segment WACCs and development winnings Assets as a measure of Capital. impose grade for each segment were given in express 8, which were employ to run profit for a NOPAT of each segment. These results show how mismana ged and unable the sell segment, and to a smaller grad the diet segment are.environmental summaryStrengthsThe readiness of thousand metropolitan is its insobriety segment. The in operation(p) profit in the united States has been self-aggrandising from $185 to $517. The UK and Ireland are employ barely 30% of earnings assets, but alter 36% of the operate profit.Weaknesses sell appears to be a helplessness for de luxe Metropolitan. The number on concluding assets and operating profit has been systematically lower than the other segments. The friendships capital twist is set up with a heavier than fair(a) amount of debt. wonderful Metropolitan carries 43% debt to capital, era the average out for corresponding companies is amidst 28-34% depending on the segment.Opportunities dominating Metropolitan has an probability to increase boodle by investment in accredited lucky brands. The brands that supervene under drinks assimilate turn out to give the hig hest return on net assets. passFrom our results we roll in the hay reason that the retail and nourishment segments are not adding value to the firm and are saving down the value organism added by the Drinks segment. slice foods EVA of -44.04 isnt nearly as frightful as Retails -137.70, some(prenominal) are delivery down the keep companys emergence opportunities. These segments are every serious for a selloff or restructuring. The food segment especially seems worry it needfully just a counseling swop since its close to universe irrefutable EVA but return on net assets has dunk in the termination a couple of(prenominal) years, leading(a) to the low EVA.

Celta Assignment 3

Reasons for choosing schoolbook Although a unyielding gash of schoolbookbookbookbook, it contains an boilersuit scene of living creature plys and is an enkindle cover chargeic. sympathetic topics pupils pitch courseed with accommodate qualities of noteworthy sight and superheroes. It is an sure school schoolbookbook edition, containing a vast float of lyric items and so provides a contend for concoct(a) students. The school schoolbook could overly be distressed subdue into sections for precise t makes. open(a) linguistic communi blareion sub-s eat ups that could be good exploitation this textbook onlyow in knowledge for incumbrance, see and recital for special information.The text could as well be sufficient for draw a bead oning grammar and puntchating. dupli sicke headings to text impediment bring come to the fore indi disgorgeion for gist act pick awayer p13-p15 exploitation text with headings blanked stunned. by a nd by pre-t distributivelying the requirement vocabulary such(prenominal) as telepathy and premonition, the t for for each one oneer explains hither be approximately headings and present is a text. guide the text quick. suss out the adapt headings to the lay paragraphs. invention check with Do you requirement to allege e precise(prenominal) word? micturate period encumber of 2-3 mins. Individuals read text thus comparing answers in their groups. headers telepathic touching The general features of fleshly telepathy pardoning the unexplained Heading for piazza forewarning During feedback build and hold students to rationalise their reasons. see project p13 and 14 bring the text quickly. Which aroundone does each of these statements impact to? 1. They do not cash in ones chips e very other(a)wise individual to repay rigorous to her when she is in this condition. 2. I utilise to constitute words sooner often, bag in and do all sorts of th ings 3. She never remaining my side, and during the darkness she slept future(a) to my reside 4.Jaytee started h senescent at the windowpane virtually the quantify she class off. 5. Horrified, I re carryd the store top and, rattling afe atomic number 18d(predicate) of the red hot, I went back into the direction and sit take in on the sofa. 6. When we arrived bag the macrocosm greeted us and verbalize I knew you were on your mien fireside.. 7. He conducted much than degree centigrade videotaped experiments 8. My entirely work(a) c beer has been as a cabin caboodle element working out of Gatwick aerodrome au thustic or pretended s finish job reviewer p14. let off caper to students prime(prenominal)ly to begin with handing out handouts. present(predicate) atomic number 18 whatsoever statements.Some are veritable, some are off. realise the text quickly and relieve down true or false put up a 3 second snip limit. During feedback, set up and lodge students to rationalize their answers. Statements thought transference takes place among a pursue and a cat? Christopher solar daylight flora in capital of the United Kingdom? When Christopher twenty-four hour period visited as a vet, the chink would whoop with captivate? P. Broccard valued to kill herself? Pamponette is drop down Broccards initiative come to? Adele McCormick take away 10 horses? William is a cat? William is 15 geezerhood old? Rupert conducted more than degree centigrade videotaped experiments on Jaytee?Pam immaterial would leave home and hap at the same sentence each day? Pam chicness would evermore give out by train? Q &A for critical scholarship ref p13-14 perhaps a profitable forge as a preserve up to a paring or scan exercise. Students bequeath move over been assumption the interpreting text from a preceding(prenominal) exercise. Explain to students use the OHT here is a tip of numbers. What do they mean? dep ict the first question. Students work separately then equality answers in pairs. demo students a 5 hour while limit. bring in students during feedback. What is the conditional relation of the followers numbers . 50%In the UK and the States 50% of dog possessors had notice their animals anticipating concourse arriving home. b. 30% c. coke d. 13 e. 15 f. 50 g. 100,000 h. 18 i. 2000 racy lines Freer communicatory suffice fleet students 5-10 minutes. redact undercoat medicinal drug on during the t pick up. ordinate your retainer about pets that you guide now, had in the quondam(prenominal) or pets that belonged to pluggers your helper can pack do you call up they were psychical? why? lay out the t study with My friend had a jumbo fresh alsation that knew when his owner was plan of attack home.Did you possess each interest pets? Monitor, avoiding the pump of the mode and vouch everyone hurts exertion speaking. For very dull students, mildly mobil e with what do you cipher? During feedback ask did anyone feel out anything elicit? Semi-controlled communicative manage (ref delineation of cat p14) throw over circuit card 5-10 mins for this exercise. lay priming medical specialty on during the task. economize guide wrangle as a affect on the dust coat board Q. If you could throw off a occasion what wouId you charter? If I could have a power I would choose. because If I could(communicate telepathically)It would be recyclable because. read by asking a student the question. convey students to get into pairs and ask each other what force they would kindred to have and why, victimization the purpose words on the whiten board. Monitor, avoiding the centralize of the get on and suss out everyone gets employment speaking. For very calm students, lightly go with what do you prize? During feedback ask did anyone visualize out anything interest? acknowledgment text resembling essence content 50 con stitute 2000 p13-16

Golden Gate Bridge History Essay

The drive-off scheme for the puff up-fixed door couple circuit came from mob Wilkins, who at the measure was an apply science disciplely person. The price of pile Wilkins noseband was phantasmagorical at the duration which was 100million dollars, tho no(prenominal) the little it entrap the cease for former(a) tide everywhere places to r residualer to body of croak f al iodine semen forth a cheaper solution. During this clock a innovational Joseph Strauss had receive from the University of Cincinnati with a layer in seam and Economics. Joseph was an devouring(prenominal) student at his trail and was the club president and poet for his class. Josephs interests with organiseing and dyad normal well-nigh monumental business arealy concern evidence happened by chance, in that, champion twenty-four hour periodlightlight Joseph at once tested place for his directs footb completely game team up stall(a)ionly got wound and interp reted to the in mansionary. During his stay, he gazed foreign the riseow at the Cincinnati-Covington two both(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal). detailed did any maven know, Joseph was on his modal value to fair a drawing card in his gild and a zep amongst virtually. Joseph pass both(prenominal) sequence running(a) at an plaza for an plan impregnable which excogitateed twains, and after a preposition to his fast(a) was spurned, he though to start his consume firm and accomplish to his root with him. Joseph went on to perform the Strauss Bascule brace federation of s eliminates where he amped up the modern day bascule twosome (draw tie) with his architectural plans and thinkings.At the Strauss Bascule dyad confederacy of Chicago, Josephs turn tailed on the burnside duetwork deck in Portland in the division 1926, the Lewis and Clark bridge circuit over in 1930, the cherry high itinerary Strauss and Trunnion distich, the capital of the United States guidance pair, the Hoquiam keep going, the Skansen bridge over and in the annihilate worked as the mind design on the gilt ingress brace. altogether of this was make without a fit floor in plan. Joseph early tackled the idea of purpose the grand admission tide over with a formulate of having two reduplicate jut spans cogitate by a important happy chance segment. This design was rejected and subsequently on a ally engineer on the job(p) on the declare matchlessself drinkstairs Joseph by the abduce of Leon Moisseiff came up with the lowest be after for the well-off r completi iodiner bridge. Joseph was a real materia distinguishic man and left wing enough of live for fault throughout the entire act of calculating and mental synthesis the well-heeled adit brace. Joseph insisted that a clams be pose beneath the work stead to touch workers who by chance omit off. This plunder that he use relieve a fare of 19 liv es and he was commemorated more(prenominal) than ever so for it. Joseph get a statue at the end of the well-to-do admission couple on the San Francisco side.Leon Moisseiff authorized the Franklin beat outows Louis E raise up laurel wreath in 1933 and was a tether breakout bridge spring within America. Leon graduated from Colombia University with a breaker point in cultured plan in 1895. Leon had a egress of bridge which he has worked with up to now to beat a crap a few of some luminary were the Manhattan bridge over and the benzoin Franklin couple in Delaware. Leon Moisseif was best cognize for his work with the bending hypothesis which tho stated that the hour farsighted a bridge spans the more way of life it has to joggle and bring. He applied this regulation on the well-situated ingress twosome as it was to span a continuance no bridge has spanned in advance at the clock. Moisseiff was in general in charge of the deliberation of suck revolving the wind the link would stimulate to last and atomic number 53 of his co-workers, Charles Ellis was a big worshiper in Moisseiff and his deflexion possibility.Charles Ellis was front nominate onto the lucky supply Bridge bulge out by Strauss himself. Strauss know him as a well nonable scholar of mathematics precisely as juiceless as it is, Ellis comparable Joseph Strauss never ac computer addressed a stagecoach in take aim either, scarcely one social function Ellis had on Joseph was a credentials in the field. Charles had fall in have it off with the engineering science and went on to economise a prevail throwd es displaceials of scheme in inclose social organization which became a mandate textbook for Harvard and Yale engineer students. Charles graduated from the University of Methodist with a gradation in Hellenic and Mathematics. Charles worked as a prof of engineering at the University of simoleons and the University of Illinois for some meter.Ellis was a blusher grapheme in the winding and design of the fortunate provide Bridge nevertheless Joseph make an grand move which was controversial. Joseph accuse Ellis of use period and funds on the drift and uniform Charles Ellis to take a holiday from work, and ascend the end of it Ellis original a garner from Joseph intercourse him not to place affirm to the job. Ellis was devastated and was still untold wedded to the project. subsequently he had been released he began program line at the University of Perdue and on top of his teachings unploughed operative at problems and ascendant the designs for the well-fixed penetration Bridge dedicating more or less 70 hours a week. He make up several errors which embossed some eyeball brows and in no time sent a letter to Moissieff. Charles Ellis was assumption more or less no credit for his 3 geezerhood consecrate to work on the thriving accession Bridge. His name was not touch o ned on the list of builders except until belatedly was given a governing body acknowledging his fraternity in the bridge design.How the princely ingress Bridge touched the local community.The princely door Bridge is a historic deed of spectacular order of magnitude in the San Francisco and calcium region. It has created legion(predicate) jobs for the locals as positions were promised to be favouring them and similarly had brought care to the athletic field from all roughly the world. A marrow of 10 building companies were called into the building of the bridge and materials from all over the world were brought in and in ugly amounts, 83 000 slews of sword and 389 000 cube-shaped yards of concrete. closeThe booming penetration Bridge is a curious append of engineering. It has come a long way over its 4-5 historic period of construction and not to mention all that was unavoidable to constitute its plan in motion. It has confront some an(prenominal) obstacl es to get to where it is at today, universe one of Americas most perceptible attractions. The well-off gateway Bridge pushed the limits of its time, be the longest, highest bridge of its time in truth overt the look of many plurality in what just deliberate engineering piece of ass accomplish. It has had dozens of lustful employ workers fundament it since day one and along the road had its ups and down but in the end sour out to be one of valets superior accomplishments.

Markeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Markeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee - shew Example roughly otherwise way to scar devotes is by crack various levels of a crossing. Because e very mavin does non wealthy person the identical expendable in bewilder, it may be difficult for everyone to be able to succumb a trusted mathematical reaping of full(prenominal) quality. For this reason, a standardised harvest-feast so-and-so be substituted for gamey quality expert still at a demoralize monetary value. For me, I do not ineluctably bring the in style(p) w ar available, so if there is approximatelything that fills a need and I hindquarters drop dead it cheaper so I would go with that. one and only(a) brand that excels on differentiation is Apple, whose iPhones go different plans and prices depending on the package that is chosen and also the iPhone number. When a new iPhone comes come to the fore, I do not exact to go for the latest one because I am satisfied with my occurrent one. Work Cited Thompson , Althea. agonistic Strategies for Wal-Mart. 2012. eHow. 28 October 2012 . merchandise Debate p. 378 harvest-home and assist market argon extremely related because the same basic principles subdued apply in around cases. In both forms of market, the trouble of the guest salvage has to be caught and few way of nurture has to be on offer to win over a consumer to array with their money. If a node does not raise up a line how a product or proceeds benefits or send away be useful in some way, then both type of market leave alone fail. It is up to venders to identify home run markets and then come up with strategies to kick in those target groups this is squ be for both product marketing and returns marketing. Where it is perhaps different is that in inspection and repair marketing the customer evokenot view the service that they wish to buy. This is wherefore service marketing necessarily to take aim some sort of demonstration of the product. actua lly oft run that are to be offered are shown to the consumer so that they feel convinced to of the benefit of it. In television marketing services are usually shown with a random ingredient of the public so that consumers can opine the service in action. On the other hand, in product marketing the marketer only needs to explain the benefits of the product because the customer can witness the product for themselves. Additional schooling may need to be provided to fit the customer that they are receiving a senior high school quality product, but generally they can make a conclusion for themselves establish on their feelings. merchandise Discussion p. 410 As a consumer, I would cull perceived-value price because I would want to get the high hat bang for my buck. I only capture limited gold so I want to sample and stretch my cash in hand as furthest as it will go. This means that I have to be picky when it comes to buy a product and only get what I need, not what I wou ld like. Whenever I am fashioning a purchasing decision, the value of a product is very important to me because I want to gather in something in return for parting with some cash. Although I often dont have a lot of expendable income, I would quite assume a little more(prenominal) and get a high-quality product than pay a cheaper price for a enchantment of crap. Durability is study factor in my purchasing decision making because I want a product to die and not have to replace it in spite of appearance a mindless time. I would prefer a tighten to employ meagrely higher prices for most of the year and then offer discounts on occasion. This is because I am the type of shopper who likes to go and check out all the specials when they are on and

Nursing Program-Ethical Dilemma Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nursing Program-Ethical Dilemma - Research Paper ExampleWithin the health administer provision, thither is the nursing profession that deals with the care that is provided to the individuals, communities, and families in a bid to make them attain, recover, and maintain a quality life with optimal health. There is, however, a clear differentiation of nursing from other health care providers done several criteria that revolve around their approach to the patient in providing care, practice, scope as well as the training (Guido 62). It will be appreciated that most of the nurses only provide care with the directive of the physician, and this is probably why nursing profession is referred to as care providers. The assignments undertaken by nurses are challenging, and they usually accomplish to offer the outflank out of their capacity. Despite this, they encounter a challenging and respectable dilemma and meet varied reaction from the parties involved. In this regard, there harbour been cases that nurses made decision which were not welcoming to a selected group of persons. Nevertheless, nurses are also allowed to independently practice and make jurisdictions based on their level of training. payable to the technological advancement in various fields, nursing has faced several evolutions and is diverting rapidly to accommodate areas that traditionally were not observed to be valuable. tally to the American Nursing Association (ANA), nursing is referred to as a profession that takes the responsibility of providing protection, optimizing health, promoting those skills that will enhance a healthy living and alleviating suffering inflicted through unrelenting diagnosis and treatment (Bishop and Scudder 54). They are also believed to be the advocates for the families, communities, population and individuals so that the latter can embrace a healthy living life. With quote to this, it is unfortunate that nurses are faced with several issues during the discharge o f their duties, and this is impairing their abilities to take full responsibilities in the work that they should do. Nurses are also faced with a plethora of ethical dilemmas that need to be adequately addresses to allow them have courage and take charge for their duties. When encountered by an ethical dilemma, the decision one makes may have gruelling consequences, which may be beyond his/her capacity. In this regard, several nurses have been charged for action that they have done while providing care for the patients, and this has attracted a divided sentiment on the same. In this regard, careful consideration of all aspects of an activity should be done to ensure that the right course of action is taken. Nurses have the responsibility of providing the best service to their clients (patient), in a bid to ensure that their recovery is quick. Despite this, it is also agreed that the recovery of a patient is to some extent beyond the capabilities of nurses. There are the proponents of the opinion that nurses have to be charged in case of deteriorating health of the patient which can be attributed to them. On the same breath, there are those who believe that nurses are supposed to be cushioned by the law under such circumstance that a dilemma arises and not be liable for any prosecution in a given case. The opponents of the nurses prosecution believe that there is no justification to file a suit for a nurse who is discharging a mandate, and resolving a dilemma, opt for a course that dissatisfies other parties. They propose that in the case of a dilemma, the nurse should remain compulsory and be insulated against any form of prosecution. Moreover, no matter how direct the solution to a problem appear, any decision made meet mixed reactions, and and then it is impossible to meet the expectation of all persons. In this regard, provided that the

Discrimination of Women Nurses in Qatar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Discrimination of Women Nurses in Qatar - Essay ExampleQatar is one of the countries that attract job seekers who travel the province to exploit numerous employment opportunities, and treat has been one of the areas that attract many would be enthusiasts who believe that the country has the best approach towards treating and rewarding nurses (Hassan, Hassan & King, 2012). However, the reverse is the parapraxis because many of these nurses who end up Qatar face discrimination at workplace especially women as they are assigned duties that devalue their morals and personality (SYMES, 2015). An reference with the nurse in Qatar points to a new direction on how individuals who end in Qatar face serious discrimination after being brought into the country done job agencies. The discrimination against nurses explains why these women receive poor pay, as the interviewee confirmed and this is a problem that is deeply rooted in the society. The discrimination of women in nursing is better understood by first identifying the percentage of women participation in labor as recommended by the society. In general, women are not fairly equal in the labor market as evident from the dominance of male professionals in most of the career sectors. Although women are equally educated in Qatar to fill the roles in various employment positions like nursing and other fields, the woman nurse interviewee ascertained that discrimination based on gender difference is a major constraint to ensuring gender equality in the nursing profession (Interview).

Tourism Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Tourism Management - Essay ExampleMost of the developing countries promote touristry considering the perspective of economic development. However, tourism must be seen in a broader context of development as it has the potential to impact the socio economic aspects, and environmental aspects on the destination tourist regions (Batta 2000). at that place is presence of cumulative relationship between the development of tourism, the environment and the socio-economic environment. For tourism to contribute to the sustainable development, it must be ecologically and environmentally sensitive, economically operable and culturally appropriate (Reisinger and Dimanche 2009). There are both corroboratory and negative impacts of tourism on socio-cultural and environmental aspects. It is essential to manage these impacts by encouraging positive ones and doing away with negative ones through appropriate planning and strategies. Sustainable development is possible through necessary management of tourism. Environmental impact of tourism In context of tourism industry, the environment performs three vital functions. Firstly, it is the supplier of natural goods, for example, mountains, beautiful landscape, and so on. It forms the core of the tourism product. Secondly, it is the provider of natural resources that is used for intromission of economic goods. Thirdly, the environment has the sink function in which the desirable by-products which are generated during the process of both the production and consumption are discarded (Terkenli et al 2007). The look of tourism depends on the quality of the environment. There are both positive and negative impacts of tourism on the environment as environment constitutes a actually essential part of the overall tourism industry. Positive impact of tourism on environment The growth and development of tourist destinations encourages the conservation of flora and fauna. For instance, savanna parks of eastern Uganda have rich flora and fauna that are preserved and protected in order to attract large number of tourists in the region. It also leads to preservation of attractive landscapes and the base of operations of tourism utilizes the lands that has remained as waste and idle until tourist activities were started (Richards and Hall 2000). With the blooming tourism activities, there is better infrastructure with availability of resources and maintenance of the heritage characteristics of the park due to working of three factors. Firstly, tourists are attracted through projection of the tourist place as the place having almost scenic beauty, historical monuments and natural parks. This projection results in an increased allocation of postulate resources from the government for their maintenance and related publicity activities. Secondly, visiting tourists are required to pay for seeing these monuments and natural parks, etc. which also adds to the resource pool for maintenance and further growth of the region. Thirdly, due to the combined effect of increased use of goods and services of government on building infrastructure facilities and publicity, and increasing number of arrivals of tourists, the private investment also starts emerging (Richards and Hal

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 7

Human Resource Management - Essay ExampleHuman resource intranets atomic number 18 one of the fastest maturement technologies in the market place. This offers a compatible and user friendly solutions which can be customized and offered according to the organizational needs. This helps in connecting various departments and branches of any organization to component information and communicate effectively. The first part of the paper deals with the human resource management. It describes various human resource management functions that are required for any organization. The hour part deals with the intranet and its benefits and drawbacks. The last section of the paper describes the HR intranets and the activities it can handle. Challenges faced by the organizations in the research and the various factors of the environment influence development of their operations. The heterogeneity is present in the culture, political legal set up, social set up, availability of investors and fundi ng parties for that particular area, work force, management attitude and perception about(predicate) the host country. These all factors influence most of the industries and organizations in the strategic decision making process. There are number of activities within any organization that are very important like marketing and sales, human resource management, production and manufacturing, operations, information technologies which functions together for the organizational goal and profitability.

Soc.#5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Soc.5 - Essay ExampleThey wanted the world to be a safe place to choke in and every pause-loving nation had a right to live their own life, determine their own institutions and be assured of justice. For the sake of world peace the United States developed a Fourteen Point Program. These included granting independence to all the important European states. The US determined that how the other nations treat Russia in the coming months would be an acid test of their good will. It would also demonstrate to what extent Russia was needed by these European nations and whether they needed Russias sympathy at all. The Fourteen Point Plan also demanded that the invaded portions in every nation should be restored by Russia and that the United States would be partners with all such governments that fought against the imperialists. This made the Soviets fashion distrustful towards the United States.Another reason why the soviets developed distrust in the United States was when they refused to h elp Russias reconstruction after the war under(a) the Lend-Lease procedure of 1941. By the end of summer of 1945, after the WWII had ended, the United States knew that the Soviet economy was in a state of near collapse. The Soviets had lost 20 million soldiers during the war and another 20-30 million during Stalins decade of purge trials. Any number of factories and railroad tracks had been destroyed. Stalin had been able to fulfill his promise of industrialization during the quint Year Plan to his people but all that been achieved were now in a devastated condition. Because of all the destruction that had taken place in Russia, United States knew they were in a stronger position and when the Soviets approached the United States for the much-needed economic aid for recovery, they were denied this privilege. The Soviets request for a six billion dollar loan had already been denied. Under the Lend-Lease Act of 1941, earlier the United States had shipped

Response Structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Response Structure - Essay ExampleRoad incidents grow congestion on highways and freeways. Beca map of the importance of traffic incidents, crisis management providers of service, and law enforcement agencies are working towards incident management in many cities of United State. It can be defined as a planned, organized, and methodical utilization of institutional, technical, scientific, industrial, perfunctory resources to lessen the time and shock of incidents, and enhance the safety of victims and motorists and car riders on the highways in issue of road incidents. (Balke, K.N. Fenno, D.W., Ullman, B. (November 2002)).Intensity of incident management differs considerably from one state to another. In many areas, an intricate traffic control system of rules that make use of video observation cameras and other automatic accident exposure systems to watch the freeways and in like manner to counter possible incidents situations. Other areas like Texas use service patrols or motor ist supportive patrols that go about the freeways and monitor incidents and give adequate help to vehicles or put immobilized vehicles off the roads. (Balke, K.N. Fenno, D.W., Ullman, B. (November 2002).Evaluation of the incident management system is the measurement of own incident management system to the set goals or objectives. By the use of performance evaluation, agencies can achieve the followingThe Coordinator of Texas State happening Management Team, Bob Koenig, believes that to increase the States potential for managing incidents in Texas should be guided by multiple periods of operations, by using various resources and also by following several authorities. He works for the missions for Hurricane response. (Koenig, B. (2010)In many areas all cross the United States of America, different societies work for different parts of the regale of incident management. Their sole objective is protecting people and working for their betterment. (Balke, K.N. Fenno,

History of Botswana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History of Botswana - Essay ExampleThere was a high expectation that the northern region of what was to become the Republic of Botswana was under(a) the British colonies that was protecting it. They were located in the north of the Molopo River and their intention was to merge the protectorate with the south of the region. The southern part of that region was under the colony of Cape. The British controlled the area called Bechuanaland after a request to put it under its protection was influenced by the then tribal leader, Khama III. Khama traveled to the United body politic to request the British to put their land under the protection of the crown so that it was not disturbed by their hostile neighbors. To but their land under their protectorate, the colonial writing table requested that it allows the British to construct railway line across their land that later came to be an economic opportunity to their land as it had opened them up to trade. In the early twentieth century, par ticularly 1910, the Cape politicians wanted to join the Bechuanaland and this was influenced by the Union of South Africa, but it would later become a contend to join the state. Before the Cape politicians could join the Bechuanaland, there was to be a signed agreement between the rulers of Bechuanaland and the British. The grandson of Khama III by the name of Seretse Khama went to the United Kingdom to study at the Oxford University. At that time, their neighbors, South Africa, had introduced apartheid laws that restricted the intermarriage and other fundamental rights between different races.

Global Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Global Leadership - Essay ExampleBrazils finishing must be properly understood. Non-verbal communication cues and the daily lives of Brazilians are important considerations when kickoff up a course in the country. Religious and educational issues are important to take into account. Before going to Brazil it is vital to learn about(predicate) the social, political, economic, and cultural context in order to maximize returns. Going abroad is always a challenge. It is especially difficult if you have the goal of starting a business or bringing a business opportunity to a foreign country and you will be required to stay they for some time. The culture is different, the people expect different things, and you must deal with your own reservations and culture shock. Doing all of this in Brazil would be a challenging exercise. Brazil is non the most difficult country in the world, merely it does pose a get along of problems for an American seeking to open a logging subsidiary. In this run away of this essay, some of Brazils unique political, cultural, social, and economic factors will be explored. Brazil is a country on the move. Everyone agrees that one of the great accomplishments of globalization is the development a number of second tier, successful economies. These are often called BRIC countriesBrazil, Russia, India, and Chinaand Brazil is clearly a charter member. ... This is important to know if you intend to open a business in Brazil. For the purposes of this assignment, I am intending to open a logging business in Brazil. I will need to present a lot of cultivation about the Brazilian economy and the logging industry in order to feel that my investment in Brazil will be profitable and sustainable. I will also need to know a lot about the people of Brazil and how to interact with them. Their culture and language is very different. It is vital to recognize these differences if I hope to be successful. To begin with, Brazil is by far the largest countr y in South America, both in geographical size and in population. It is nearly half of all of South America, with very diverse physical characteristics, and a population of nearly 200 million (Page, 1995). It is a democracy, but it is a young democracy, with institutions that are still developing and are still slightly vulnerable. Recent elections have been fair and peaceful. The main language in Brazil is Lusitanian (not Spanish) and there are colonial ties to Portugal. The population is very diverse, with native people mixed with African people, mixed with European peoples. The main religion is Catholicism. The political system is similar to that in the United States. The President is elected and is head of government and head of state and appoints his cabinet. The current President is Dilma Rousseff, the first woman (Sanchez, 2010). She is a leftist, but she is also friendly to business. Her predecessor oversaw a great deal of economic growth in the new millennium while also add ing more toil and environmental protections. Brazil is open for business and is happy to accept foreign investors. Legal system To begin with, the legal system in Brazil is base on civil

Ecology and Christian Theology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Ecology and Christian Theology - Essay ExampleSea levels ar rising and closer to home, Australia is faced with water restrictions, greater droughts and more fundamental fire days all because of climate alternate. The impacts of climate change if left unchecked will increase poverty. Poor people in developing countries are more vulnerable to theimpacts of climate change, yet they have done little to contribute to it. Australian average temperatures have increased 0.9C since 1950, with significant regional variations. The frequency of hot days and nights has increased and the frequency of cold days and nights has declined. Since 1950, most of eastern and south-western Australia has experienced substantial rainfall declines. Across red-hot siemens Wales and Queensland these rainfall trends partly reflect a very wet period around the 1950s, though recent years have been unusually dry. In contrast, northwesterly Australia has become wetter over this period, mostly during summer. Fro m 1950 to 2005, extreme daily rainfall intensity and frequency has increased in north-western and central Australia and over the western tablelands of New South Wales, but decreased in the south-east and south-west and along the central east coast. Global sea levels rose by about 17 cm during the 20th century, and by around 10 cm from 1920-2000 at the Australian coastal sites monitored. Substantial warming has also occurred in the three oceans meet Australia, particularly off the south-east coast and in the Indian Ocean.In the film, An Inconvenient Truth, Al Gore begins his slide show on climate change a comprehensive presentation replete with detailed graphs, flow charts and stark visuals. Gore shows off several majestic photographs of the Earth taken from multiple pose missions and he notes that these photos dramatically transformed the way we see the Earth, helping spark modern environmentalism. Throughout the movie, Gore discusses thescientific opinion on climate change, as we ll as the present and futureeffects of

Housing law assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Housing law assignment - Essay ExampleHowever, the colonial structure was not amply sympathetic towards the tenants until democratic reforms were widely carried out. The political reforms were followed by the social and legislative ones, which empowered the tenants, particularly in the developed countries of the Commonwealth.Nevertheless, there was no lovesome and well-thought legislative framework to deter violations of the rights of the tenants by the authorities and the landlords. The municipalities were not beneficial to the old buildings, dormitories, etc. and the private companies and firms had no desire to comply with the law and correct the buildings as residential premises under the municipality. Even after widespread modernisation and democratisation, the problems of the tenants could not be eradicated altogether. The Housing Act 2004 (Commencement No. 11), however, aims at redefining the dimensions of house security of the UK citizens at large. Further, the Homelessness Legislation has energized the community effort and the local governments to safeguard the interests of the tenants.Contextually, the case of James does not appear to be very different from the result issues of tenancy in the UK. After the recent economic crisis and negative growth, housing problems have become preponderant. Particularly, the relationships between the tenants and the landlords have been considerably strained due to the fractious situation of the real estate industry. And the problems that are being faced by James appear to be in continuity with the contemporary housing issues of the UK.James, who is a tenant of a house owned by the South Bank Properties plc, has been suffering from some mental problems. He dwelt in the aforesaid house for a couple of years. Three weeks ago James complained that the central heating system of the house was not working properly. Moreover, condensation in the bathroom and kitchen was faulty. Also, he complained of

Political Parties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Political Parties - Essay Example(Bogdanor, 2006) Figures have however been to a greater extent dismal in the past 30 years. In 2005, membership of the Conservative Party had fallen to an abysmal 250,000.Thus from 1975 to 2005, the Conservative Party has lost more than four issue of five of its members. (Bogdanor, 2006) Interestingly, within that same period, the Conservative Party has been in power for a total of more than 15 years. Consequently, though it has been in power for more than half the total time between 1975 and 2005, the Conservative Party has lost more than four fifths of individual membership.The situation of the Labour Party is also precise dismal. Though membership drive in 1996 had witnessed an increase of individual membership to 400,000, by 2006, membership of the Labour Party had dropped to 200,000, half its number in a space of 10 years and one fifth in the space of about 50 years. (Bogdanor, 2006)Fifty years ago, 1 in 11 of the electorate belonged to a gove rnmental party today just 1 in 88 do. Moreover, voters feel less attached to parties than they did. In 1966, 42 per cent professed a very strong attachment to the party of their choice today only 13 per cent do. That, no doubt, is one of the reasons for the increasing volatility of voters and low turnout in general elections - 59 per cent in 2001, 62 per cent in 2005. (para. 1)The high levThe high level of passivity to political party membership may also account for the volatility in voter turnout during elections. The loss of interest in political parties and its concomitant effect on electoral turnouts fuel be contrasted with public participation in other political issues. According to the electoral Commission and the Hansard Society (2004), whereas the 2001 general elections witnessed a significant decline in voter turnouts, there was a greater willingness by the public to participate in demonstrations in 2003 on issues interchangeable the Iraq war, the funding of higher educ ation, and the visit of chairman Bush.Many reasons can be given for the steady loss of interest in political parties over the years in the UK and other EU countries. The locale of political engagement has been diversified in the UK and EU over the years and this has had a great influence on the dwindling membership of political parties. The Electoral Commission and the Hansard Society (2004) have argued thatRecent years have seen an increase in pressure group and protest politics, indicating a more complex picture of political engagement than voting figures alone might suggest. (p. 5)The diversification of political engagement thus connotes a movement from the political party as the central institution for effecting change in society. Traditionally, political parties, especially in the first half of the 20th century were seen as the means of achieving social change. Issues of social concern like social justice, the environment, democracy, and equality were advanced at the politic al party front. (Wainwright, 2008) The formation of the Labour Party in the UK in 1900 epitomises the role of agents of change that political parties enjoyed. The climax together of trade unions, workers and socialists, with the aim of changing the way the interests of the public were represented in Parliament became the bedrock for the founding of the Labour Part

A fiction short story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A fiction short story - Essay ExampleAt 19, Gregg was 2 months the senior of Cynthia. Having just exhausted her birthday with her boyfriend of 6 months, Cynthia longed for the day in which they would not have to part and could continue to spend each and every moment together in the bliss she was certain must await the couple. Although neither of the two were especially well versed in life or the complexities which it presented, they felt the zeal and courageousness that is often condemnations so indicative of individuals their age. The past few days had been spent as it were magically. Gregg had prepared, organized, and facilitated a weekend away for the couple that involved camping surface in a state park within the foothills of the Carolinas. Even though the scenery was of seemingly little value to the star crossed geminate, they spent the time they had hiking the footpaths, enjoying each others company around the campfire, and generally soaking up the sylvan landscape. As suc h, the time passed all too quickly and the pair found itself on the way back home to the realities that had driven them to leave in the first place. Along the bumpy of ill-repaired state road that take down feather from the mountain side, Cynthia let out an audible sigh. Turning to her in between keeping a careful eye on the road, Gregg said, Yes babe what is it? Instead of turn to look into his eyes, Cynthia stared outwards onto the valleys, and silver lined rivers that glistened in the warm glow of the setting sun. Eventually after what seemed to Gregg like far too long a time for a positive answer to the question he asked, Cynthia said, I just dont sack out how much longer we pull up stakes be able to do this. Visibly dismayed by such a answer, Gregg continued leading his old and beaten down SUV around the narrow twists and turns that led down the mountain. After what seemed to Cynthia as a jarringly short amount of time, Gregg responded by asking What do you mean? This se emed as unnecessarily annoying to Cynthia since it was evident to her that Gregg knew full and well what she meant by such a loaded statement. However, rather than responding in a quick or offensive manner, Cynthia took another deep breath, recollect the perfection that the pair had experienced in the hours before, she thought better of such a snarky response. Instead, she reached for his hand in the empty seat that separated them at the moment. This time, turn from the window, she looked lovingly towards him and said Gregg, you know what I mean. I would love to continue this forever but you must realize that if we are to do it, we cannot continue to be intimate apart and will need to risk it all to be together. Without giving her much of a chance to take a breath or to add anything additional to this thought, Gregg blurted out But we will I told you I just have to get a better job so that we will have a way to She interrupted before he could finish. When will that be? You can t imagine how hard it is for me to continue to survive the bother and criticism that we are both getting from both sides of our friends and family. Visibly shaken by her response, Gregg decided that the best way to formulate any further response would be to thoughtfully consider her needs as well as their own prior to answering. Along this line of thought the two passed in lock in as the miles passed by beneath their tires. Finally, and almost imperceptibly, Gregg looked to her and said, Im so sorry I never intended it to be like with us ya know? Of course I do

Engaging Others Unlike Me Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Engaging Others Unlike Me - Essay ExampleIn relation to this, it is apparent that I have never on purpose avoided helping any person because he or she does not belong to my in-group.I do believe that volume are not the same in terms of character and ability. As a result of this, I regard every person to be good in some specific areas that I may be poor. It is because of this assumption that I find it very easy to associate with people who are unlike me. In early(a) words, I well socialize with people who are unlike me believing that I will learn something new in the course of socializing. In connection to what takes on the ground, I can claim that my social network is very diverse it has insignificant boundaries. As a leader, it is very crucial to embrace diversity in a group (Bowser, 2011). Some of the things that will enhance the inclusion diverse members in a group are by empowering people. It is through the empowerment that opposite people develop the urge of being members o f a specific group.In-groups include members in an organization with common interest or goal (Hancock & Szalma, 2008). In connection with this definition, in-groups in my working organization include members of an employees club, members in a specific corporation, members of the sale and marketing field, customer care providers in an organization, and peer groups within the organization. Out- groups on the other hand constitute of members with different interests and goals. Out- groups often constitute of person who is in conflict or disagreement with the in-groups (Latham, 2007). Examples of out-groups in my working organization include different peer groups within the company, different sales and marketing groups within the same company, workers who are not members of any group within the company are regarded as out-group, workers involved in selling the companys goods and

Public Opinion and policy Essay Example for Free

Public Opinion and policy EssayIn Public Opinion elected Ideals, egalitarian Practice, Rosalee Clawson and Zoe Oxley interpret mankind tactual sensation as an soulfulnesss beliefs and preferences in regards to both governmental matters and policies.(424) These someone ideas jointly are viewed as the general populations touchs summarized and basin be reflected by a peak. By appeal these opinions through the analyzeing process, law hold backrs are plausibly to take these opinions into consideration when creating and/or regulating a policy. In 1824 The Harrisburg Pennsylvanian newspaper conducted one such poll where the readers were asked to cede a postcard with their opinion about the presidential candidates Andrew Jackson or John Quincy Adams. Jackson won the poll as hygienic as the eventual(prenominal) election.(Franklin) This style of opinion polling has increased over the years and evolved into a much refined and dead on target re faceation of the public. F or inposture, kinda of submitting an untraceable, anonymous postcard, battalion are instead asked to submit a survey and are required to submit some somebodyal culture, which testament remain anonymous, in order to prevent the chance of soul submitting more than than than than one survey.Due to the availability of the telephones and the internet, we are able to survey a larger and more diverse group of citizens which will al down(p) for more accurate results. As ballotrs, we are able to have some control over who represents our opinions as well as who we believe will make decisions that are truly for the betterment of the sight and society. By understanding the five linkage models established by Norman Luttbeg (Robert Kent, 20-21) we are able to see how public opinion can sway the formulation of a public policy.1. The Rational-Activist Model assumes that all voting citizens are level-headed, informed, involved and politically active somebodys. This model presents the idea that if representatives do non make decisions to satisfy the demands of the people, then the people will re focalise that representative. This model is the least likely to be apparent since the majority of the public does not keep close tabs on political actions. The largest brand with this model is that we are assuming all voters are educated and rational about a token issue and/or candidate.2. The Political Parties Model takes place when an individual has an overall accedement with the ideals of an individual caller. Citizens identify with a party whose overall attitude and beliefs internet with their own. A major flaw within this model is the idea that representatives feelpressured to take actions that are for the betterment of the party but not always for the individual citizen.3. The Interest Groups Model establishes that the public can express their opinions to lawmakers by forming a group who will advocate for a collective cause. The groups place pressure on the lawma kers and parties electorally by rallying cigarette those that will publicly promote them. As well as monetarily by donating coin to those individuals and/or parties. By understanding this token model we are able to see the likelihood of one group cosmos more represented than another in society. This would create strife among the people as the group who is the least wealthy would be more likely to be underrepresented even though that group could contain a more accurate representation of the overall public opinion.4. The Delegate Model maintains that a representative is elected based on the candidates set but not necessarily their stance on the issues. This model varies from the Rational Activist model in that it places more responsibility on the candidate to follow the opinions of the constituency or face being replaced and not place the responsibility on the public to educate themselves. While the Delegate Model and the Rational Activist Model are very similar the appoint dif ference is in noting that this model places more pressure on a candidate to follow their constituencys ideas even if the candidate believes that other options would be in the best interest of the constituents.5. The Sharing Model speaks on the idea that a representative will act on their own belief that may not be in complete alignment with their constituency but ascribable to the unlikelihood that the lawmaker will go directly against their constituency they are still placing public opinion in their favor. This model overwhelmingly displays that a representatives values and character may come more into consideration with a voter than that representatives stance on a particular issue. (WK 2008) When we say population we are referring to a large mass of people that represent the summation of a geographical area. (Robert Kent, 28) Population can be that of a country, state, city or even a university leading to extremely large groups of people that would take too much time to poll in dividually. within any yieldn population we take samples, collect data from a subdivision of a population in an effort to estimate the overall opinions of the collective group. Within these subsets of populations the results may not be a completely accurate reflection of the overall population. Religion,race and income are factors that can greatly sway the gist but most instances are unintentional. (US History) A biased sample is where in that location has been a methodical selection of the participants in an effort to achieve a be after outcome. An unintentional occurrence might take place with a telephone sampling. The University of Texas at Austin elaborated on this bias in regards to telephone sampling. For instance, if the sum of money of people who are without phones, or those who simply dont answer the phone are not considered this can greatly skew the results. Truly haphazard samplings are where the participants are act solely due to chance and where every varying sub set of citizens has an equal chance to be selected. (Rosalee Zoe, 29-30) A sample will very rarely get the exact percentages as it is highly likely that they will miss a group of people since the entire population is not participating and we are taking smaller groups to represent the entirety.The confidence level is a mathematical probability measure that tells us how reliable our data is in footing of accuracy. We keep this probability to a manageable number by keeping the number of individuals polled low. Polls are kept to less than 1,000 respondents due to the margin of flaw as well as the fact that the accuracy improves lone(prenominal) marginally with larger samples. (Robert Kent 30) The 1936 poll conducted by Literacy Digest proclaimed that the Republican candidate was likely to be the overwhelming winner of the Presidential election when in actuality it was Franklin Delano Roosevelt that won the bid for President. Seeing as how this poll was conducted at a time where the majority of people were dealing with the aftermath of the stock market crash and the subsequent great depression we can infer that the majority of the people polled were people who had the funds to subscribe to a weekly magazine, owned a telephone and possibly an automobile. The Republican candidate was projected to be the winner most likely due to the affluent Republican participants of the survey. During this same election George Gallups American Institute of Public Opinion did project the winner to be Franklin Delano Roosevelt, which placed the Gallup poll into the spotlight. It is believed that the Gallup poll was able to accurately predict the outcome due to their preference of using a smaller and more diverse sample. (Polling the Nations)Ideologies are the beliefs of an individual about the dissimilar social, cultural, political and economic operations within a society. An individual forms opinions based on their beliefs, life experience, genetics and many factors that as a whole make up their political ideology. (Rosalee Zoe, p62) The liberal ideology is based on the beliefs that government intervention in economic matters, as well as a staple fiber belief in the equality of the people. While a conservatives ideology is based on the beliefs that there should be minimal government intervention in all matters, as well as an emphasis on tradition and individual responsibility. (Robert Kent, p72-73)There are five main influences that will affect how a person develops their ideology family, gender, religion, ethnicity, and/or region. All of these influences will combine, influencing the opinions and beliefs of the citizen. Since a person develops opinions based on the experiences and knowledge they have developed over the course of their lives, there can be instances where a person can completely flip-flop on their original ideals as time progresses and while this is highly unlikely it is still possible.( Pelin, Erik, Jackie) For instance, a person who grew up in an affluential conservative household may find as they get older and more self-governing that their view of the world is vastly different from that of their families. This can also lead to strife amongst families in instances where there is an obvious divide on the ideals. A person who is witness to the exchange of ideas in the midst of the opposing sides is likely to be influenced by the attitudes and opinions of the people while also comparing those individuals ideals to their behaviors, character, and reliability.Conservatives and Liberals have very different ideological standpoints and many Americans unravel to execute towards one or the other in regards to their personal beliefs toward public policy making and governing styles. However, it has been discovered that the majority of the present American public do not identify themselves as adhering to one austere ideology but instead place themselves somewhere in the middle. (Robert Kent, p83) Conservatives have the highest percentage of individuals who are strict ideologues. (Gallup-a) But there are many individuals from either side that can be uncompromisingin their ideals and take their truth as the one and only truth.In understanding a persons chosen ideology we are faced with an interesting fact that while most people tend to identify themselves as conservative, the overall majority of the public tends to vote more liberally. (John, 2014) Conservatives are ideologically defined by their strict adherence to traditional values and practices as well as their live for little to no governmental regulation and their emphasis on individual citizens taking personal responsibility. Liberals are or else defined by their belief that the government should be active in the regulation of the people in order to protect the citizens from the possibility of unequal and anti-Semite(prenominal) actions. (Rosalee Zoe, p134) Liberals are also recognized by their beliefs in the overall equality of citi zens, protection of liberties and progressive thinking that is based on the idea that there is overall an essential goodness to the mass populous. While there are vast differences between these opposing sides, it is possible to see how a person may agree with a conservative view of government while simultaneously believing in the humanist attributes of the liberal view.Individuals will usually develop an allegiance to a particular party (typically Democrat or Republican, though many other political parties have emerged), or will categorize themselves as being an independent of a specific party affiliation. An individuals party identification gives us a better idea on how that person will vote in elections as people tend to follow their elected partys specific views on an issue as well as electorally support a political leader of the party, but that is not always the case. Party identification has been described as being a psychological identification, or being the way an individual has come to their current attitudes towards public policy by way of their individual life experience, that will continue to influence how new information is processed. (Thomas Geoffrey)If we were to question an individuals likelihood to remain a steady voter for one particular party, the Michigan Model theory will give us such a theory to go on as this model emphasizes an individuals party attachment ispredominately stable. One noticeable flaw in this theory is if a party were to change their stance on an issue that overwhelmingly goes against the beliefs or ideals of the individual, the voter may then vote against the party if not possibly switch parties altogether. But this is unlikely as the voter is more likely to respond to the performances of their elected representatives than to their ideologies alone. (Harold, David, Marianne capital of Minnesota)By looking at the present day Republican Party we are able to see they are typically very conservative in their views, which may be why more and more religious people vote in accordance with this party. The Republican party favors towards older, affluent and white males while the Democratic party tends to be more diverse. The Democratic Party contains a very diverse group of people and is weighted in the areas of women, race and sexual orientation. (Gallup-b) The majority of younger Americans also identifies with the Democratic Party. By seeing the makeup of these parties we can deduce that it is likely the Democrats are representative of a new school wave that is pushing for a more liberalistic approach. (Adam, 2014)The presidential approval rating is one of the main political opinion polls taken and focused on by the media. This ranking shows whether the public generally approves or disapproves of the job performance of the person holding Americas highest office. In studying the inconsistent falls and climbs of the approval rating there have been certain trends believed to be the cause of some high points during a presidential term. (Rosalee Zoe, 109) The honeymoon effect is the first trend that will take place during the days after a President takes office. This effect refers to the initial phase after the swearing in of the president into the office. Since this man is entering office with a clean sheet, and has recently come off of an approval high as evidenced by his election, people are more likely to be optimistic towards actions taken by the president. Eventually there will come a time where a problem is encountered and the presidents plan of action will no doubtedly upset a cluster of people. After this point there can be varying reasons for the day-to-day rising and falling of the approval rating. (Robert Kent, 120)In some instances a presidents rating can climb when the nation has been confronted with a foreign event that involves America and possibly a crisis for the American people. This idea is referred to as the rally round the flag effect. Robert Erikson and Kent Ted in write in American Public Opinion (121) this effect is likely to occur due to the desire of the American people to feel united behind a leader. One of the most accurate examples of this would be the attitude of the American people after the attacks that took place on 9/11 and the subsequent skyrocketing in the approval ratings for President George W. Bush. Upon deeper evaluation of this occurrence when there is more of a relative calming of the people and the effects of war, both financially as well as the casualties incurred, the approval ratings are then subject to drop, one could say when reality sets in. (Rosalee Zoe, 111)The final source for the possible explanations behind drastic increases and decreases in a presidential approval rating is the state of the economy. An economy that is poorly performing will likely result in low approval ratings for the President and a prosperous economy to increase the approval rating. According to Kevin Hoover in his article Phillips Curve , during a low economic point there will be higher rates of unemployment and inflation. These two factors can have a substantial and negative impact on an individuals livelihood. President Obama was elected during a time of economic strife due to many factors including a housing market crash as well as the weighing cost of the War on Terror. Even though Obama was not in the Presidential office during the onset of the war, nor was he to pluck for the inevitable housing market crash, his approval rating suffered due to the onset of these events aftereffects.BibliographyRobert S. Erikson and Kent L. Tedin, American Public Opinion, New Jersey Pearson Education, Inc., 2011 Rosalee A. Clawson and Zoe M. Oxley, Public Opinion Democratic Ideals, Democratic Practice. chapiter D.C., 2013 The University of Texas at Austin. Biased Sampling and Extrapolation. Last modified August 28, 2012.https//www.ma.utexas.edu/users/mks/statmistakes/biasedsampling.html Pelin Kesebir, Erik Phillips, Jackie A nson, Tom Pyszczynski, Matt Motyl, Ideological Consistency across the Political Spectrum Liberals are more Consistent but Conservatives Become More Consistent When Coping with Existential Threat (February 11, 2013). http//ssrn.com/abstract=2215306John Sides, Why Most Conservatives are Secretly Liberals, The Washington Post, March 6, 2014. http//www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/03/06/why-most-conservatives-are-secretly-liberals/ Gallup-a. Conservatives Remain the Largest Ideological Group in U.S. Last modified January 12, 2012. http//www.gallup.com/poll/152021/conservatives-remain-largest-ideological-group.aspx Gallup-b. Democrats Racially Diverse Republicans Mostly White Last modified February 8, 2013 http//www.gallup.com/poll/160373/democrats-racially-diverse-republicans-mostly-white.aspx US History. American Political Attitudes and Participation What Factors Shape Political Attitudes? Last modified January, 2013.http//www.ushistory.org/gov/4b.aspChristopher Ellis and James A. Stimson, Pathways to Ideology in American Politics the Operational-Symbolic Paradox Revisitedhttp//www.unc.edu/jstimson/Working_Papers_files/Pathways.pdf Harold D. Clarke, David Sanders, Marianne C. Stewart and Paul Whitely, The Dynamics of Party Identification, in Political Choice in Britain, edited by Harold D. Clarke (Oxford Oxford University Press, 2004), 185-186. https//www.essex.ac.uk/bes/bookfiles/Sanders-ch06.pdfFranklin Marshall College. The First Political Poll. Last modified June 18, 2002. http//www.fandm.edu/politics/politically-uncorrected-column/2002-politically-uncorrected/the-first-political-poll WK, Ph.D. Candidate, The fibre of Salience on the Relationship between Public Policy and Public Opinion (Paper prepared for DC AAPOR Student Paper Competition, December 12, 2008) http//www.dc-aapor.org/documents/spc08wk.pdf

Flemings and Walloons Essay Example for Free

Flemings and Walloons EssayFlemings and Walloons In the 19th and 20th centuries, Flemings and Walloons were divided by political and economical stresss, but the most outstanding source of division was social differences. The Flemings and Walloons went head-to-head because of the divergence in their culture and ultimately, the way they lived their day-to-day lives. Both of these groups wanted the republic of Belgium to be run in their favor, but with that would come a clash of cultures. The first controversy between the Flemings and Walloons was political tension. After the Belgian Revolution in 1830, the new nation of Belgium had to come to terms in context of political leaders, but the dispute between the Flemings and Walloons was so strong that no political cloture could be officiated. In register 2, an Ameri dirty dog diplomat speaks about the history of Flemings and Walloons, stating that Walloons are impatient politicians and deny tradition, while Flemings feel strong n ationality and are give out contenders to run the government.This document is supported by enumeration 4, where a Brussels-based newspaper claims that Walloon control the north, but resist monarchial power, while Flemings are ardent supporters. In Document 8, a French observer discuses the struggle for political power between the Flemings and Walloons, stating that the Catholic Flemings lead a politically dominant party and their leadership demands must be met over those of the Walloon politicians.Through years of battling, Walloons and Flemings still found their selves butting heads in the political arena, but still, all of that trash came down to one issue language. another(prenominal) controversy that arose was economic competition. The potato famine had reached Belgium by the 1840s, straining the economy and there was a struggle of who would come out on top. In Document 4, a Brussels-based newspaper explains the Walloons in the north, stating that they are prominent in the e conomy and the Flemings resent their occupation.In Document 7, a Political leader speaks about onward motion in the Flemish region, saying that they are under a system of economic exploitation that causes suffering within the Flemish community. In Document 9, a government publication assesses the differences in the economy of the Flemings and Walloons. The Flemish regions remain agricultural and commercial and in Wallonia manufacturers come textiles and metallurgy, so there is a complete bending in working economical paths because they run in completely different ways.The hard line of division that separated the Flemish and the Walloons still came down to their refusal to produce together, let alone work together. The last and most dominant controversy between the Flemings and Walloons was social tension. With nationalism on the rise, the Flemings and Walloons were completely divided by their languages who would be the receiver of national pride? In Document 1, it is made clear t hat there is a distinct line of separation between the north (Flemish country) and conspiracy (Wallonia).In Document 5, a Flemish pamphlet states that there is a bilingual disputation in Belgium and Walloons are trying to invade Belgium with French language, which should be considered absurd while Flemish culture is traditional and the language must be recognized by all Belgians. In Document 6, a French diplomatic observer discusses the differences between Flemish and Walloon thought, saying that while they do spend much time debating in the political setting, that in the end, all of the tension and dispute comes down to the factor of language.In Document 10, a Belgian political leader says that the language issue dares to move even farther that only a matter of being a Dutch speaker or a French speaker, he says that the Flemish culture and history as a whole fights for a real equality of language and culture and that all problems between the Flemings and Walloons stem from their differences in language. In Document 10, a Flemish publiciser demands nothing but equal rights, saying that the problems between the Flemings and Walloons are not confined to small areas anymore, but the whole country is in dispute.Lastly, Document 12, interpreted from a London paper, says that the problems between the Walloons and Flemings are caused by pure jealousy and while they consider themselves better than the other, all are equal, but only they can figure that out. The relationship between the Flemings and Walloons throughout the 19th and early 20th century was a very strained one. While nationalism was rising, the groups kept fighting because of political, economical, and most of all social differences.

Critical thinking Essay Example for Free

Critical thinking EssayBefore reading this article, what was your answer to the question Whos Ameri basis? How did you develop this concept of being an American? If you or your parents were natural in another country, how would you define the National identity of that Country? (For example, what does it mean to be friar preacher or Chinese?) When I first seen the question whos American my answer was that the American culture is primarily western or any unmatched born in the United States of America. My parents and I were born in the United States of America. How I developed this concept was from the way I was raised because I was born in the United States and I was always told your American. To be Dominican means that you was born to parents in the Republic.To be Chinese means that you was born to parents that are Chinese. How can the concept of a National identity both unite and divide people? Concepts of National identity can divide and unite people by providing conflicted o pinions. Opinions serve as ways to unite people by providing sense of commonality. Opinions can also diverse set of ideals that cause conflict and division. After reflecting on these issues via this article, these questions, and class discussions, has your concept of what it means to be American changed? If so in what ways? I would have to say after I looked at all(a) these issues and article and class discussions my concept hasnt changed. But I have learned more about what it means to be American. But for myself I siret look or judge people for where they are from whether they are American or whatever Nationality.

Dissolution Profile of Paracetamol Generics

Dissolution Profile of Paracetamol Generics1 IntroductionThe pharmaceutic industry had an estimated turnover of $773 billion in 2008,1 only non all of this revenue was taken as profit a probatory cost goes into research and industry guideline compliance. With regards to new generic practice of medicines, proving bioequivalence is crucial to success, however necessary in vivo testing can be costly.2 Drugs which meet certain Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) criteria may be exempt from these expensive tests and can be permitted a biowaiver.3 This allows in vitro dissolution testing in place of in vivo plasma analysis. Paracetamol is one such medicine that has qualities which place it at the borderline of biowaiver suitability.3 It is the worlds close to commonly employ analgesic4 and the question arises as to whether all preparations atomic number 18 as effective as each other? More specifically we ask, is there is both significant variety amongst the dissolutio n profile of paracetamol generics? This literature review is in preparation of experimental tests designed to ascertain if there is any difference in dissolution profile of eight bioequivalent preparations listed on the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS), and whether this difference may correlate to a clinical significance in such a common place medicate.2 Search St reckongyAll info was sourced through internet databases, i.e. Medline, Pubmed, and the Cochrane Library. The search engines Google Scholar and UWA library were likewise utilized. Keywords included. KEY WORDS Paracetamol, acetaminophen, bioequivalent ( alterative equivalency), Delayed-action Preparations, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Tablets, Drug Compounding, Chemistry, Pharmaceutical, Observer Variation, Dissolution, Metabolism, in vitro, in vivo, IVIVC, Drug Content, Bioavailability and Correlation. Boolean searching was utilised to broaden or specialise search moderates and once appropriate articl es were sourced, citing and cited articles were excessively evaluated.3 Paracetamol3.1 HistoryParacetamol (acetaminophen) is one of the worlds most popular drugs for the treatment of pain and fever.4 It was first synthesized in 1878 by Morse, and was used clinically for the first time in 1887 by von Merring.4, 5 Paracetamol fell into obscurity shortly thereafter in favour of other chemically related drugs such as phenacetin.5 However, phenacetin was later found to be nephrotoxic, and the search for a substitute arose.5 In 1950, a study from Brodie and Axelrod rediscover paracetamols suitable analgesic properties.4 Although, this drug did non experience widespread acceptance until the 1970s due to unfounded concerns about safety but from then on, it became the most commonly used medication for pain.4 In many countries, such as the United Kingdom, paracetamol sales put up exceeded those of aspirin since 1980.43.2 Physicochemical propertiesParacetamol or N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acet amide, is a white crystalline powder with a melting point of 168-172C (Martindale). It is sparingly soluble in water, ie. one part of paracetamol is soluble in 70 parts of water at room temperature.3 It is as well freely soluble in alcohol. (Martindale) Paracetamol examines maximal UV absorption at a wavelength of 249nm and is describe to corroborate a pKa of 9.5 at 25C.33.3 Pharmacology Pharmacokinetics3.3.1 Pharmacodynamics Mechanism of accomplishmentThe exact mechanism of action of paracetamol has remained largely unknown for some time.6-9 For years it has been thought to inhibit the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) in a similar manner to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug drug drugs, however definitive proof of analgesia and antipyresis being dependent on COX inhibition is still lacking.4 Recently, cardinal independent groups have produced experimental data that has demo that analgesia involves the potentiation of the cannabinoid vanilloid tone in the brain and in the do rsal root ganglia.4 Blockade of cannabinoid (CB1) receptors in rats has eliminated any analgesic properties of paracetamol and suggests that paracetamol is in fact a cannabinomimetic.43.3.2 Pharmacokinetics3.3.2.1 Absorption Bioavailability Paracetamol has been proclaimed to have a bioavailability of 62%-89% in those of a fasted state,3, 8 this divergence from absolute bioavailability is attributed to first pass hepatic metabolism. Peak plasma concentrations argon reached amongst 0.17-2.0 hours post-dosing.10 As expected, food has been shown to reduce absorption by increasing tmax and decreasing Cmax values. Food has non been shown to affect the amount of acetaminophen reaching the blood.33.3.2.2 Distribution Paracetamol has a reported volume of distribution of 0.69-1.36L/Kg.11 Around 20%-25% of the drug is bound to plasma proteins at therapeutic dosages however this value has been shown to increase to 20%-50% in over dosage. Paracetamol has also been shown to cross the plac enta, and has a 1.24 milk/plasma ratio in breast milk.3 Paracetamol is an ADEC category A drug, i.e. it is safe to use in pregnancy, as well as breastfeeding.93.3.2.3 Metabolism Excretion Around 85%-90% of paracetamol is metabolized within the liver via the process of glucuronidation and sulfation.3 These inactive metabolites be then eliminated by the kidney in the urine. just about 5% of paracetamol is passed out unchanged in the urine, the remaining drug is conjugated with cysteine and mercapturic acid.3, 8 The half-life of paracetamol has been reported as 1.9 4.3 hours3, 8, 10 but longer in those with renal impairment.3.4 IndicationParacetamol is indicated in the symptomatic treatment of mild-to-moderate pain as well as fever3, 9 and has also been described to have mild anti-inflammatory properties.33.5 Dose Dosage FormsFor adults, the optimal single venereal infection of paracetamol is 1g,3, 9 with a maximum dose of 4g daily.9 Hepatocellular necrosis can occur from dose s of 10-15g, and death may result in doses in excess of 20-25g.3 Paracetamol is addressable in many dosage forms, as a single active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), or in combination with other analgesics such as codeine (Panadeine), dextropropoxyphene (Di-Gesic), metoclopramide (Metomax), as well as in combination with decongestants such as pseudoephedrine in cold-and-flu preparations.9 This drug is available as immediate release (IR) tablets, sustained release (SR) tablets, chewable, elixirs, IV injections and suppositories.94 Biopharmaceutics Classification SystemThe Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) is a method of grouping active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) based on their solubility and intestinal permeability.12-16 The system allows for easy identification of those drugs whose in vivo absorption can be easily anticipated based on their in vitro dissolution.12, 15, 16 This implies that two distinct products containing the same drug will have the same rate and extent of absorption if, over time, they both have the same concentration profile at the intestinal membrane.12 Since it is the dissolution profile of a drug which determines its concentration profile in the intestinal lumen, comparability of this debate in vitro should produce comparable absorption results in vivo.12 In reality however, only those drugs with high permeability which are formulated into IR preparations can be easily and reliably applied to this logic.12, 15, 164.1 BCS Drug ClassesThere are quad rowes within the BCS to which a drug can be assigned (as adumbrate in figure 1). Class I is comprised of those drugs with high permeability and solubility, these drugs are expected to be well absorbed and, providing dissolution is slower than gastric voiding, show a good correlation among in vitro dissolution rate and the rate and extent of in vivo absorption (IVIVC).12, 15, 16 Class II drugs also have high permeability but their solubility is low which ensures in vivo dissolution is the rate limiting step in drug absorption and olibanum IVIVC is expected.12 Class triad drugs have a low permeability with high solubility, traditionally these drugs were believed to have little or no IVIVC,12 however recent studies have shown that if a class III drug is very rapidly dissolving then a correlation may exist.18, 19 Finally Class IV drugs have both low permeability and solubility these drugs are not expected to show any IVIVC.12For each of the four BCS classes a drug effect is considered highly soluble when the highest IR dose strength is soluble in 250mL or less of aqueous media over the pH range of 1-7.5.16 The permeability of a drug is considered high if greater than 90% of a dose is absorbed across the intestinal membrane.16, 20 Using these definitions, paracetamol is categorize as a BCS class III drug but it is also described as borderline class I because it is only just on the cusp of low permeability.34.2 Utility of the BCSThe style of the B CS is that it allows easy identification of drug candidates for which relatively cheap and fast in vitro dissolution testing can replace the more(prenominal) expensive, time consuming and encroaching(a) in vivo absorption testing.2 The system does away with complex bioavailability modeling that must account for fasted and fed states as well as cyclical changes in movement and gastric emptying.12, 14 The impact of the BCS on the pharmaceutical industry was so great that in 2006, creator Dr. Gordon Amidon was awarded the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) Distinguished Scientist Award.215 Correlation between in vitro dissolution and bioavailabilityFollowing the introduction of the BCS a great deal of research was conducted exploring the power of IVIVC. It became a main focus not just of the pharmaceutical industry but also of academia and regulatory authorities.2 IVIVC became popular because it can be used as a substitute for option intensive bioavailability testing th e concept has essentially improved the speed and cost of drug development as well as quality control in pharmaceutical manufacturing.25.1 Bioavailability and BioequivalenceBioavailability is an great concept because it determines the efficacy, safety and reproducibility of the therapeutic effect of drugs and the many formulations in which they come.22 For the purpose of drugs that produce a systemic therapeutic effect, the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)22 defines bioavailability as the extent and the rate at which a substance or its active moiety is delivered from a pharmaceutical form and becomes available in the general circulation. Bioavailability is therefore inherently linked to drug absorption and may also be predicted using IVIVC as defined by the BCS.If two pharmaceutically equivalent (same active ingredient and content in the same formulation) products have the same bioavailability they are considered bioequivalent and will essentially have the same eff icacy and safety. Bioequivalence is important because it is the basis for which innovator medicines can be substituted with generics.5.2 Strength of in vitro in vivo correlationsThe BCS is a predictive tool for determining which drugs will have an IVIVC. Table 1 demonstrates that low the BCS only class II along with some class I drugs are expected to have IVIVCs.12 Research subsequent to Dr. Amidons first BCS military issue has generally upheld his initial findings however exceptions to the rule have been found.5.2.1 Drugs with IVIVCThe BCS suggests that if the bioavailability of a drug is dissolution rate modified then a good IVIVC should be possible. This whim has been demonstrated for flutamide a very poorly soluble high dose compound which is not expected to have IVIVC but has dissolution rate limited absorption.23 A paper published by Posti, Katila Kostiainen23 concluded that there is a strong IVIVC for flutamide and this was identified on four separate occasions where bioavailability was studied. All four studies were of single dose, cross over design and each subsequent study increased the number of subjects tested (study I n = 6, Study IV n = 24). The strength of the papers methodology provides good support for its conclusions however this was undermined by a lack of documented statistical analysis.Much more compelling reason comes from a study by Sakuma et. al.24 which was able to show an IVIVC for two BCS class I drugs after they received an enteric coating, thus eliminating the possibility that gastric emptying was the rate limiting step. The results were statistically significant, however the tablets were tested in rat models rather than human subjects and the dissolution test may not have adequately reflected the in vivo environment that enteric coated tablets are subject to.24 Further studies in human subjects demonstrating the difference in IVIVC between enteric and non-enteric coated tablets could not be identified in the literature.T here are hundreds of other drugs which have an IVIVC and these are neither limited to BCS class II drugs or drugs with dissolution rate limited absorption. Theophylline is a BCS class IV drug and yet in a complete cross over study of four different theophylline tablets the in vitro dissolution was able to significantly predict several in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC Cmax) which dictate bioavailability.25 The study was small (n = 6) and not all pharmacokinetic parameters could be correlated. otherwise common drug examples with IVIVC include digoxin,26 rifampicin,27 diclofenac28 and lamotrigine29 and these are by no means exhaustive.5.2.2 Drugs without IVIVCNot all drugs have an IVIVC and this can also include some BCS class II drugs. A research paper by Frick, Moller Wirbitzki 199830 demonstrated that the in vitro dissolution of glimepiride (BCS class II) is not comparable to dissolution in vivo. The study busy a single dose cross-over design with 12 subjects, Latin-Squa re statistical analysis was employed and the results were assumed to be significant however not all the data was accompanied by supporting confidence values. No correlation was possible because the solubility of glimepiride is low and strongly pH dependent.30Unlike glimepiride, ciprofloxacin a quinolone antibiotic, is classified as a BCS class III drug and as a consequence would not be predicted to have an IVIVC. Correspondingly, when tested for this possibility none could be found between dissolution and any of the parameters for bioavailability (Tmax, Cmax, AUC Ka).315.2.3 Strength of BCS in predicting IVIVCThere is a wide variance between IVIVCs that are anticipated according to the BCS and those that are actually demonstrated after experimental testing. Examples have been provided where both expected and unexpected correlations occur and this suggests that the BCS system while helpful should only be taken as a guide. Laboratory testing is still the only reliable method for det ermining if a correlation is occurs. Paracetamol is a BCS class III medication and as such is not expected to demonstrate strong IVIVC. Given the fact that paracetamol has a wide therapeutic index and the BCS can only be used as a guide, a safe and useable IVIVC may still exist.5.2.4 IVIVC of paracetamolThe prodigious use, vast quantities manufactured and the presence of many generic products in the marketplace makes paracetamol a prime candidate for IVIVC testing. In 1996 Retaco et. al.32 conducted a small crossover study using five subjects to assess whether an IVIVC for paracetamol may exist. The study express that the absorption data from saliva partially correlated with those found in vitro,32 this however is not a valid conclusion. One of the subjects studied produced in vivo data that opposed a correlation and this anomaly was further confounded by the fact that statistical analysis was not performed on the IVIVC but rather covered the in vitro and in vivo data separately. This pilot study was later contradicted by Babalola et. al.33 who found limited IVIVCs and suggested that paracetamol absorption may not be limited by its dissolution rate. Similarly, a thorough, well designed, complete crossover (44) study that balanced for first order residual effects, suggested that it was dangerous to use dissolution as the touch on test for paracetamol bioequivalence.34 Interestingly, all of these studies demonstrated bioequivalence between the various products of paracetamol even if they showed no IVIVC.6 Biowaiver for bioequivalence testingIn vivo bioequivalence studies are required to ascertain the potential differences in bioavailability between innovator and generic products which, may lead to therapeutic inequivalence. A biowaiver provides the authority and grounds for fiscally intensive bioequivalence testing to be replaced by more tolerable in vitro testing. For the most part, IVIVC must first be realized in order for a drug to be considered for a bi owaiver. The BCS has outlined properties of loyal preparations which require evaluation in biowaivers, i.e. solubility, permeability, and dissolution rate.35 In addition to this, the non-critical therapeutic range of a drug should also be considered35 and this is the basis for which paracetamol has gained biowaiver status.3 It should be mention that products produced by the same manufacturer at the same site are exempt from bioequivalence studies.366.1 Paracetamol BiowaiverSeveral characteristics must be considered when a drug presents as a candidate for a biowaiver through dissolution testing. Paracetamol is not a classic biowaiver candidate because it is classified as a BCS Class III drug, it does however ingest properties borderline to Class I3 and these enable it to fulfill the requirements of a biowaiver.6.2 Biowaiver requirements6.2.1 Characteristics relevant to the active ingredient6.2.1.1 find of therapeutic failure or adverse drug reactions i.e. the withdraw for c ritical plasma concentrations. When considering a biowaiver for a drug substance, its therapeutic use and therapeutic index also needs to be taken into account.16 In the pillowcase of paracetamol, the therapeutic indications are not critical, and there is a wide difference between the usual therapeutic dose and toxic doses. Given that an optimal therapeutic dose for an adult is 1g, and that hepatocellular necrosis can result from ingestion of 10-15g, it can be assumed that paracetamol is not a narrow therapeutic index drug.36.2.1.2 Risk of bioinequivalence Previous evidence of bioavailability problems for an active substance can complicate the justification of in vitro dissolution bioequivalence correlation.35 For paracetamol, the absolute bioavailability has not been shown to vary between therapeutic dose ranges of 5-20mg/kg.3 Other studies have also demonstrated that bioequivalence in different IR paracetamol preparations is achievable.11, 32, 376.2.1.3 Solubility If a drug is highly water soluble it generally lends to exemption of bioequivalence testing, however polymorphism and particle size are major determinants of dissolution and must be considered.35 A drug is considered highly soluble if the amount contained in a preparation of maximal strength dissolves in 250mL of trine buffered solutions ranging between a pH of 1-8 at 37C.35 Paracetamol has a pKa of 9.5 and is therefore not considerably ionized at a pH less than 9. As a result, it can be said that its solubility does not vary with pH.3 The highest strength IR preparation of paracetamol is 500mg. Experimentally, this has been shown to dissolve in 21mL,3 which is significantly less than the 250mL that is required by the BCS guidance to prove solubility.16, 356.2.1.4 Pharmacokinetic properties High permeability which is typically indicated by a linear absorption pattern, reduces the potential influence of an IR preparation on bioavailability.35 For paracetamol, the permeability is slightly below the cut-off value of 90%, i.e. one study by Stewart et al.38 found permeability to be 80% once absorbed. This formally excludes paracetamol from being considered for a biowaiver, although extensions to BCS Class III drugs have recently been given more attention.20, 396.2.2 Characteristics relevant to the medicinal product6.2.2.1 Rapid dissolution Dissolution profiles can be regarded as equal when more than 85% of the active ingredient is turn within 15 minutes.35 This comparison must occur between test and reference product in three buffers which with a pH range between 1-8, at 37C.35 Paracetamol tablets have been shown to dissolve within 30 minutes,32 however this rate does not satisfy BCS exemption standards.6.2.2.2 Excipients Those included are to be well established and not in atypically large quantities. Kalantzi et al.3 details a table of acceptable excipients which can be used within paracetamol IR tablet formulations which are considered for in vitro dissolution biowaive r.6.2.2.3 Manufacture Critical parameters such as particle size and polymorphism should be addressed and documentation should be provided in the dossier that is submitted to TGA.35 Paracetamol has three metastable forms, the only commercially available from is the monoclinic acetaminophen as it is the most thermodynamically stable polymorph.3From review of the literature, it can be concluded that in vivo bioequivalence testing of solid, oral IR paracetamol dosage forms may not be necessary. This can be justified given that a paracetamol formulation can be shown to3Rapidly dissolve under USP guidelinesContain only the acceptable excipients, in usual quantitiesDemonstrates dissolution profile similar to reference product under conditions stated in USP guidelines7 Statement of Purpose7.1 Aim hypothesisThe purpose of the proposed study is to compare the dissolution profiles of bioequivalent IR paracetamol preparations listed on the PBS. In particular, comparisons between every prepa ration will be made, rather than a single comparison against a referent. We hypothesize that there will be no significant difference between the dissolution profile of IR paracetamol tablets when dissolved according to USP specifications.7.2 MethodologyWe propose to analyse the dissolution profiles of eight PBS listed bioequivalent paracetamol preparations, namely APO-paracetamol, Chemmart Paracetamol, Dymadon P, Febridol, Panamax, Paracetamol Sandoz, Paralgin, and terrycloth White Chemists Paracetamol. Sixteen tablets of each preparation will be dissolved in compliance with USP dissolution test for tablets and capsules, using apparatus II. As mandated, tablets are to be dissolved in 900mL phosphate buffer at a pH of 5.8 with a paddle set to 50rpm. Samples will be taken at intervals of 2,5,10,15,30,45,60 minutes in concordance with practice by Dominguez et al.34 these aliquots will be examined for paracetamol by UV spectrophotometry at 289nm. These data will be statistically analy sed by ANOVA.7.3 TimelineDateTasks to be performedWork DeadlinesWeek 11 (15.03 21.03)Create paracetamol standard curves, Test expected dissolution time, Order materials, Source test tablets, Visit discipline of statistics for advice.Literature Review ascribable Monday 15th March 12pmWeek 12 (22.03 28.03) interrogation of tablets 1 2 Dissolution UV visWeek 13 (29.03 04.04)Testing of tablets 3 4 Dissolution UV visWeek 14 (05.04 11.04)Testing of tablets 5 6 Dissolution UV visWeek 15 (12.04 18.04)Testing of tablets 7 8 Dissolution UV visWeek 16 (19.04 25.04)Week in lieu to finish experiments in case of unforeseen circumstancesWeek 17 (26.04 02.05)Data collation statistical analysisBriefing on the writing of the closing report Wed 28.04 2pmWeek 18 (03.05 09.05)Writing draft reportWeek 19 (10.05-16.05)Editing final draft reportWeek 20 (17.05 23.05)Powerpoint presentation format1st Draft Research Project Due Friday 21st MayWeek 21 (24.05 30.05)Correcting draft report Week 22 (31.05 06.06)Amending powerpoint presentationFinal report due Mon 31.05 12pmWeek 23 (07.06 13.06)Amending final reportWeek 24 (14.06 20.06)Presentation rehearsalSeminars, submission of amended report to pharmacy office